Amos served under King Uzziah of Judah (779-740 BC) and King Jeroboam II of Samaria (783-743 BC). Thus, we can assume that the book of the prophet Amos was written around 760 B.C. This was a time of political and economic prosperity for the kingdom of Israel before the threatened invasion by Assyria. The prophets of that time, including Amos, prophesied based on specific events in a specific society and at a specific point in history. It is therefore necessary to perceive the fact that the plot of the book is set within these specific boundaries.  

            There are statements against a number of nations that have departed from God, resulting in their immoral actions. Amos accuses the Amorites of massacring the Gileadite population, the Philistines inhabiting present-day Gaza of displacing and selling the population of the conquered territory into slavery to Edom, etc. Then there is a prophecy against Tyre, Edom and other nations, as well as against Judah (2:4-5) and Israel (2:6-16) But in the book of Amos there is also a call to turn to God and seek good not evil, with the hope that God will perhaps have mercy. (5:4, 6, 14-15 and very clearly stated in 7:3, 6)

            It follows, then, that we cannot connect today's events in Gaza with the prophecy of Amos. Although, in general, we can say that immoral and sinful actions resulting from abandonment of God do have an impact. So in that sense, lessons can be taken from the book of Amos for today.

            As for the texts of Isaiah the prophet. The prophecy was written around 700 B.C. The northern kingdom of Israel was destroyed by Assyria and Judah is accused of flirting with paganism. This flirtation came when Judah made military treaties with foreign nations because it feared attack from Assyria. But in doing so, it showed that it was not relying on God, but on man. Because the Judeans preferred their own solutions to help from the LORD, we read in chapter three that the LORD withdraws support and all help. For God does not impose, but gives freedom.

            So, again, it is a specific time and a specific nation. But, as with the prophet Amos, we can perceive the lesson that God will not impose Himself on society, even if He gives it certain limits. He will not allow more than He sees fit, and at the same time it will be He who will end history by His coming.

            This is a difficult question and there is no clear answer. Especially if it is a specific person. We cannot fully understand the meaning of his suffering. But what we do know is that God certainly never wanted suffering for man, and He does not want it today.

            Some may say that suffering is a punishment from God, or that this is the way God brings us up, but this is too bold a statement and, I dare say, false. How many people do evil things and do not experience such suffering. Even Jesus rejected this interpretation when answering the disciples' question: „When the disciples see the blind man, they ask, "Master, who sinned that this man was born blind? He himself, or his parents?" Jesus answers: "Neither he nor his parents sinned; he is blind, that the works of God might be made manifest in him." (John 9:2-3).

Nevertheless, several explanations are offered to justify the suffering. Some suffering is self-inflicted, for example, by taking unnecessary risks. Driving fast in a car and crashing, jumping into unfamiliar water and thus becoming a lifelong handicap, etc. Another thing is that people cause pain and suffering to others because they completely ignore God's instructions for life and for interpersonal relationships. For example, wars, concentration camps, begetting offspring while drunk with negative consequences for them, etc. It is not God who does this, but people. And if we say that God should have prevented this, then He would have to prevent us from lying, gossiping, acting in an unfair manner, etc. But God gave us freedom, pointing out that with freedom comes responsibility. Yet another reason the Bible describes in the book of Job, when it speaks of the experience of Job who came into great hardship because Satan demanded it. For he accused God of engaging in „barter“ with men. Those whom He blesses respect Him, and those whom He does not, put God out of their lives. God had to prove that this was not true. That is why what happened to Job happened. Yes, there is something that is above us, and sometimes we are drawn into this battle between good and evil, God and Satan.

            And then there is suffering, the reason for which we cannot explain. We live in a sinful world, we have turned away as a people from God. That's the general reason, but we don't know the specific reason for a particular person's problem. It may be that in suffering, sickness and weakness we often become aware of important and essential things that we would not otherwise see.  

And so, more important than knowing why, is knowing that God is with us in our suffering. And he can give us the strength to bear our suffering.  "You have not been tested beyond human strength. God is faithful: He will not allow you to be put to a test you cannot endure, but with the test He will prepare a way out and give you strength to endure." (1 Corinthians 10:13)

Your first question needs to be answered with a „yes“ and a „no“. The general, majority idea is that life goes on in some way after death. For many Christians, it is the „immortal soul“ that goes to heaven, purgatory, or hell. For other religions it is about reincarnation, and for those who call themselves atheists there is a „singing heaven, acting heaven, and other heaven“ from which those who have died look down on us. But such a notion is wrong according to the Bible. There is no such afterlife. That does not mean there is no eternal life.

            The Bible says: „For the living know that they will die, the dead know nothing, and no reward awaits them; their memory is forgotten. Whatever you have to do, do it according to your power, for there is no work or thought or knowledge or wisdom in the realm of the dead where you will go.“ (Ecclesiastes 9:5, 10) „For the lot of the sons of men and the lot of the beasts is the same: the one dies as the other, their spirit is the same; man has no preference over the beasts, for all things pass away.“ (Ecclesiastes 3:19) And that's because „He, the only Ruler, King of kings and Lord of lords. He alone is immortal and dwells in unapproachable light“ (1 Timothy 6:15-16). So immortality does not exist in humans.

            But there is an eternal life into which God will awaken those who have taken God seriously in their earthly life. „The wages of sin is death, but the gift of God's grace is life eternal in Christ Jesus our Lord.“(Romans 6:23) „For God so loved the world that he gave his only Son, that whoever believes in him should not perish but have life eternal“(John 3:16) „We do not want to leave you, brothers, ignorant of the fate of those who have fallen asleep, so that you may not grieve as those who have no hope. If we believe that Jesus died and rose again, then we also know that God will bring those who have died in faith in Jesus to life with Him. This we tell you according to the word of the Lord: We who are alive, who shall see the coming of the Lord, shall not precede the dead. There shall be a command, the voice of the archangel and the sound of the trumpet of God, himself The Lord will descend from heaven, and those who have died in Christ will rise first; then we who are alive who will live to see it will be caught up together with them in the clouds to meet the Lord. And then we shall be with the Lord forever“ (1 Thessalonians 4:13-17).

            In summary: Man dies, sleeps and knows nothing. He who longed for eternal life accepted the offer

Jesus Christ, took God seriously, will be resurrected at the second coming of Christ to this earth, and will be

 to live with God forever.

            Your second question „who is God“. No one has seen God, as the Bible says, but Jesus introduced him to us through his life and death: „BNo one has ever seen him; the only begotten Son, who is in the bosom of the Father, has told us about him“ (John 1:18). No one has seen God, but we can „see“ him through his work and his actions: when John the Baptist asked Jesus through intermediaries if he was the Messiah, he was told, „Jesus answered them, „Go, tell John what you hear and see“ (Matthew 11:4).

From what we know from the Bible, and from our own experience, God is the Creator, so He is not a created being. He is Lord of lords and King of kings. He is a spiritual but personal being, thus not just some influence or impersonal force. He is an intelligent, thinking, perfect being who is above all things. He is a loving Father who is an authority, but a loving authority. The most apt definition of God is that biblical „God is love, which has shown itself even toward us“ (1 John 4:8-9). On the other hand, it is also one that gives us humans the freedom to choose to respect it or not. Knowing of course the impact of our own decision.

         The Bible says that God has been here from eternity: „Your throne has stood firm since time immemorial. You are from eternity.“. (Psalm 93:2) Our limited human understanding is unable to discern what it is from eternity, just as we are unable to understand what infinity is. So we are unable to answer your question as humans.

Remark:

          But it is similar to the belief of atheists (atheism is the absence of belief in God or other spiritual beings) who say that everything came from matter. And where did matter come from? From eternity. And we are the same way, with the only difference being that to the believers there is an intelligent, living being behind creation, and to the evolutionists there is dead, unthinking matter. (The word evolution expresses the belief in the unguided, spontaneous tendency of some material particles to increasingly complex structures and systems composed of these elements - from inanimate arrangements to life, from single-celled arrangements of these systems to man.)

            When were they (Lucifer's angels) cast down to Earth? The Bible answers this question with a few verses.

            Yes, Satan and his angels have been cast down: „And the great dragon, that ancient serpent, called the devil and Satan, which deceived the whole world, was cast down to the earth, and his angels with him.“ (Revelation 12:9) „How you have fallen from heaven, O shining star, son of the morning star! How thou art cast down to the earth, thou enslaver of the nations“! Isa.14,12

            Jesus confirms it: „He said to them, „I saw Satan fall from heaven like lightning“ (Luke 10:18).

            When it happened: „Now is the judgment of this world, now shall the ruler of this world be cast out. And I, when I am lifted up out of the earth, will draw all men unto me.“ (John 12:31-32)

            It happened after Jesus died on this earth. Before that, Satan still had access to heaven. See Job 1:6: „And the day came that the sons of God came to present themselves before the Lord, and Satan came among them.“. The death of Jesus confirmed the final victory over Satan, and Satan and his angels were cast down to earth. They were given „house arrest“ because on earth we humans accepted them right after creation, and here they were „at home.“ But that was only temporarily. „When the thousand years are completed, Satan will be released from his prison and will come out to deceive the nations in all the four corners of the world, Gog and Magog. He will gather them together to fight, and they will be as the sand in the sea. I have seen them come up over the breadth of the earth and surround the camp of the saints and the city that God loves. But fire came down from heaven and consumed them“ (Revelation 20:7-9).

            The Sabbath is already mentioned in the description of creation. „So the heavens and the earth were finished with all their hosts. On the seventh day God finished his work which he had done; on the seventh day stopped to do all his work. And God blessed and sanctified the seventh day, because in it He ceased from doing all His work of creation.“ (Genesis 2:1-3) The word „ceased“ can also be translated as „rested“ and hence the term Sabbath. (See note in the Czech Study Translation.)

            Nowhere in the Bible do we read that God took away the uniqueness of the Sabbath. On the contrary, the fourth commandment speaks of the Sabbath as a day of rest and communion with God. Interestingly, the entire Christian world respects all the commandments except the fourth commandment. But James 2:10 says that all the commandments are to be kept. And if we have modified the fourth commandment, why not others? For example, the seventh about adultery and fornication? Nowhere in the Bible do we read that the Ten Commandments have been abolished. So why would one be? If we are talking about living under grace in the New Testament, then logic says that where there is grace, there must be law. Where there is no law, there may not be grace.

            And with that in mind, let us approach your question. It is important to note that the texts mentioned in Romans do not fit the context of the Sabbath debate. Verse six says that „He that keepeth certain days keepeth them unto the Lord. He who eats does it to the Lord's glory, for he gives thanks to God; and he who does not eat does it also to the Lord's glory, for he also gives thanks to God.. Here it is not the Sabbath that is spoken of, but the days of Lent in which thanksgiving is given to the Lord. The Pharisees fasted at least twice a week, on designated days. Those who did not do so were condemned. Paul points out that to fast on a particular day or not to fast is up to one's conscience, and we cannot condemn a person for it. (14:10) So this is not a Sabbath issue, because the Jews were clear on the Sabbath issue, as was Paul, this is not a reinterpretation of one of the commandments, but it was a tradition of fasting.

            (See Matthew 24:3) And Jesus answered them, „Take heed lest any man deceive you“ (Matthew 24:4) He meant that what is needed is not to know the date of His coming, but that no one should deceive them, and that they should always be ready, because they do not know when Jesus will come. (See Matthew 124:42, 44.) He even says, „Heaven and earth shall pass away, but my words shall not pass away. But of that day and hour nobody knows, nor the angels in heaven, nor the Son; the Father only.“ (Matthew 24:36)

            Yet, Jesus does give certain signs. „And this gospel of the kingdom shall be preached in all the world for a witness to all nations, and only then will the end come“. (Matthew 24:14)

            So we don't know when Jesus will come, because the Bible also says He will come as a thief in the night. But we are to know God, trust Him, look around us at the ever-worsening state of the world, make sure that no one leads us astray from the Bible's set path, and perceive that when the good news of God is proclaimed throughout the world, then the conclusion will come.